The Supernatural Events Of Macbeth Plays English Literature Essay

The Supernatural Events Of Macbeth Plays English Literature Essay Supernatural occurrings and prophecies have always been a subject of interest and an unexplained mystery that has awed the human nature ever since the man is born on earth. When the greed, lust and creed for the money, power and throne overtakes the man, he starts seeking help from the evil powers that are often unseen. He tries to get the knowledge of future to take measures appropriate enough to take the short-cut path towards his ambition. Short-cuts always involve evil and evil powers are sought to accomplish evil and horrifying tasks that no man can think to do in his complete senses intact. Shakespeare adopted the same strategy to grab the interest and attention of his viewers. And he was pretty successful in using supernatural events and prophecies as the basic element of the play. this made his play Macbeth one of the greatly remembered and recognized play of all the times. Hence, we can say that the key element that made the play and its concept worked are the witches, the apparitions, the ghosts and the visions that have occurred throughout the play time-to-time. The supernatural events in the play gave clues to the audiences to what is going to happen in the future with the Macbeth as well as Lady Macbeth. The paly holds a very deep meaning for those who have been following the evil powers and magic from centuries and have seen to meet the almost similar fate as that of the Macbeth. Now we shall be throwing the light exclusively on the play Macbeth, to know how the appearances of supernatural events, the witches and the apparitions determined and predicted the fate of Macbeth. The first supernatural event that occurred in the play was the three witches appearing in the beginning of the play, predicting the gruesome fate of Macbeth that gave the audiences an idea for what is going to happen in the end. When the battles lost and won (Act I, Scene I, l.4) said by second witch. This means that every battle will be won by one and lost by the other side. this determined the fate of Macbeth that he will go on and win the battle, but he will lose against the time in the battle of his soul and life. This was the very first supernatural event to occur in the play. This prophecy made Macbeth depend on the witches too much. He started trusting them for guiding him towards his luck or rather fate. This blind trust of Macbeth on the witches cost him his life in the end. After the audiences are given the clue of the Macbeths fate, next came the plan to gain the power and throne. Macbeth had two choices. One was to go on the correct path while the other one was much shorter and the results were expected to be revealed soon. And this path was the path of evil. the plan was to kill king Duncan without any remorse(Act I, Scene V, ll.42-57). Lady Macbeth used her powers to gather the evil spirits that guided Macbeth to kill the King Duncan. In which he succeeded. This was another supernatural event that took Macbeth a step ahead on his disastrous fate. This killing forced him to clear out the other person, who suspected Macbeth of Duncans murder, Banquo. Macbeth hired a murderer to kill Banquo. But as soon as the murderer confirmed the news of the Banquos killing, Macbeth saw the ghost of Banquo that made him create a scene in a banquet, which carved more suspicion on him(Act III, Scene VI, ll.31-120). Here the apparitions and vision of the ghost made Mac beth so bedraggled that he almost lost his senses and started to blurt out what he shouldnà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢t have done. This made people point at him in suspicion. Next the witches plan to make Macbeth over confident about his fate as he was heavily relying on the prophecies of the three witches (Act III, Scene V, ll.1-35). This plan of the witches was to take Macbeth towards his gruesome end. Macbeth greatly relying on the witches managed to find their cave and went there to find out what lies ahead for him in the future. this was the time of action for the witches. this is where the Macbethà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s blind trust has landed him. he is now in full control of the witches desires and evil powers and he has no power left in him to take decisions of his own. The witches making use of their evil powers started showing him apparitions. The very first one was an armed head that said: à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Macbeth! Macbeth! Macbeth! Beware of Macduff; beware thane of Fife. Dismiss me: enough. (Act VI, Scene I, ll.77-78). The first apparition tells Macbeth to beware of Macduff. Then the second apparition appears (a bloody child), and says: Be bloody, bold, and resolute; laugh to scorn the power of man, for none of woman born shall harm Macbeth. (Act IV, Scene I, ll.85-87). This apparition informs Macbeth that no man born from a woman can harm him. Finally, the last apparition appears and is a child crowned, with a tree in his hand. The apparition is saying that he will never be defeated until Great Birnam wood shall come against him to High Duns inane Hill. Be lion melted, proud, and take no care that chafes, who frets, or where conspirers are: Macbeth shall never vanquished be until Great Birnam wood to High Duns inane Hill shall co me against him. (Act VI, Scene I, ll.98-102). Now all these three apparitions were enough to make Macbeth over confident about his fate that eventually led him to his death. Death became his fate as was predicted by the witches in the very first prophecy. Thus, throughout the play it is very clearly shown by Shakespeare in the chain of prophecies and supernatural appearances that the fate of Macbeth was determined and predicted by the prophecies of witches and the supernatural appearances. The first prophecy made Macbeth have a blind trust on the evil powers rather than his own strengths and courage. Then the vision of Banquoà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s ghost made him believe that just like witches, the ghost can also take his revenge that baffled him altogether in front of the whole hall. And the last key in his coffin were the apparitions in the cave that made him so over confident that he started thinking himself as immortal. And this overconfidence killed him.

Prison Life History And Today

Prison Life History And Today Prison deals with prisoners from all kinds of backgrounds. Every prisoner has different problems and there are a range of services on offer to help them while in prison to prepare them for their eventual release. Prison is a place used for confinement of convicted criminals (Gaines, Miller, 2009). Aside from the death penalty, a sentence to prison is the harshest punishment imposed on criminals in the United States. On the federal level, imprisonment or incarceration is managed by the Federal Bureau of Prisons, a federal agency within the department of justice (Gaines, Miller, 2009). State prisons are supervised by a state agency such as a department of corrections. Confinement in prison, also known as a penitentiary or correctional facility, is the punishment that courts most commonly impose for serious crimes, such as felonies. For lesser crimes, courts usually impose short term incarceration in a jail, detention center, or similar facility (Gaines, Miller, 2009). Prison life of the 1700s of an accused was not as strict. There were windows that the prisoners could look through in order to solicit for charity from the people walking by, and sometimes prisoners would be allowed to sell things at the prison gates (Prison life, 2011). Although there are many differences between the life of a prison in the 1700s and the life of a prisoner today, there are also many similarities. Each accused individual was captured by the police and taken to the nearest holding cell (Prison life, 2011). These cells were in prisons called local prisons. The individual was then let free or convicted of his or her crime. If convicted, the individual was taken to the closest common prison (Prison life, 2011). During the 1700s there were only local holding jails, common prisons, and houses of correction; later, during the 1800s prisons became more separated and prisoners were assigned to the appropriate prison (Prison life, 2011). The convicted were not stripped of their belongings like in todays prisons, but they were searched for weapons or objects that could be used to escape. Once inside, the prisoner was assigned a small cell made of hard walls, floors covered in dirt and rodents, and a bed (Prison life, 2011). If the prisoner was lucky, this bed consisted of a small hammock tied to opposite walls, but often times it was made of a wooden bench or the floor. For meals the prisoners were scarcely fed, but if they were, little rations of bread and water were given. Many times the prisoners died of starvation and thirst (Prison life, 2011). According to the Burlington County in New Jersey, in the 1800s when the prison was initially designed, each inmate was to have his or her own cell with a fireplace and a narrow, unglazed window placed above eye level (Prison life, 2011.)The rules of the jail directed that prisoners were to be bathed, deloused, and have their clothing fumigated, and that each cell should have a bible or prayer book to improve the soul. Individual cells, planned for felons or criminals, were arranged in sets of four, opening off a short hall at each end of the building (Prison life, 2011). These blocks of cells were to house separate groups, such as routine criminals, first offenders, or women. The bigger rooms on the main hallways were to provide accommodation the debtors, imprisoned for owing money. These were common rooms, sometimes holding three or four men at a time, although there are some records that indicate that up to 30 debtors were housed at one time in the jail(Prison life, 2011). During t heir day, debtors were to be allowed to move about the jail, working at various cleaning chores or employed in the basement workshop (Prison life, 2011). Then the dungeon or maximum-security cell was in the center of the top floor (Johnson, Wolfe, Jones, 2008). That location was carefully chosen to prevent escape by digging, to minimize communication with criminals in the cell blocks, and to ensure constant surveillance by guards making rounds. This was the only cell without a fireplace. It is flanked by niches for guards or visitors and has one very high, very small window and an iron ring in the center of the floor to which the prisoner could be chained (Johnson, Wolfe, Jones, 2008). Until 1888, the jail keeper and his wife and family would live in two rooms on the first floor of the jail. The Keepers wife was anticipated to supervise the female inmates and the Keeper was to execute the rules of the jail as devised by the prison board, which was composed of members of the freeholders. The Keeper and his family lived in these quarters until the adjacent brick house, connected by a passageway, was constructed on the corner of Grant and High Streets (Johnson, Wolfe, Jones, 2008). In keeping with the purpose designed into the structure, the basement level enclosed workshops where prisoners were expected to learn a useful trade, such as how to make brooms, baskets, or shingles (Johnson, Wolfe, Jones, 2008). The notion didnt work, given the short time most inmates spent in the jail, and over time, the workshops became used as minimum security cells. Another, less supervised pastime of the inmates that endured through the ages was prisoner graffiti (Johnson, Wolfe, Jones, 2008). Depicting humor, despair, and a belated piety, several fine examples of this art have been photo conserved and are on display throughout the building. The felons eating room, also in the basement, allowed controlled access to the exercise yard with its twenty foot wall. Outside, prisoners could tend a small garden of fresh vegetables. In one corner of the yard, an area was set aside for the gallows, which were dismantled and stored between hangings (Johnson, Wolfe, Jones, 2008). Food, linens, cleaning supplies, and craft materials were stored in the basement near the kitchen, baking, and washing facilities. Once a day, the prisoners were to be served a main meal of meat and vegetables. The other two meals were usually cooked cereals or grains. They had milk and cider to drink, as well as water (Johnson, Wolfe, Jones, 2008). One of the inmates was made chief cook, preparing all prison meals, and that inmate slept in a basement cell next to the kitchen. Large washtubs were provided for laundry and regular baths for the prisoners (Johnson, Wolfe, Jones, 2008). Also the relatively few women who were imprisoned at the beginning of the 19th century were confined in separate quarters or wings of mens prisons (Sullivan, 2006). Like the men, women suffered from filthy conditions, overcrowding, and harsh treatment. In 1838 in the New York City Jail known as the tombs, for instance, there were forty two one person cells for seventy women. In the 1920s at Auburn Penitentiary in New York, there were no separate cells for the twenty five or so women serving sentences up to fourteen years (Sullivan, 2006). They were all lodged together in a one room attic, the windows sealed to prevent communication with men. But women had to endure even more. Primary among these additional negative aspects was sexual abuse, which was reportedly a common occurrence. In 1826 a woman named Rachel Welch became pregnant while serving in solitary confinement as a punishment and shortly after childbirth she died as a result of flogging by a prison official (Sullivan, 2006). Such sexual abuse was in fact so acceptable that the Indiana state prison actually ran a prostitution service for male guards, using female prisoners (Sullivan, 2006). In addition, women received the short end of even the prison stick. Instead of spending the money to hire a matron, women were often left completely on their own, defenseless to attack by guards. Women had less access to the physician and chaplain and did not go to workshops, mess halls, or exercise yards as men did. Food was brought to their quarters, and they remained in that area for the full term of their sentence (Sullivan, 2006). As fearsome as the prison seemed, it was not escape proof. The walls were scaled and the roof penetrated many times in its history. The chosen routes to freedom seem to have been through the roof of the jail, and along the yard wall or the roof of the passageway to a place of descent. One notable escape occurred in 1875(Johnson, Wolfe, Jones, 2008). Four inmates punched a hole through the ceiling of an upper corridor cell to gain access to the roof, went down the sloping front wall and down around the woodpile beside the prison yard gate. A fifth accomplice was too large to fit through the hole and insisted at being left behind (Johnson, Wolfe, Jones, 2008). Despite a quick response by the warden, it seems that at least some of these escapees were never caught. In the Burlington County Jail, some criminals were fated to spend their last days on earth. State law mandated that criminals convicted of a capital crime were to be executed in the County in which they were found guilty, and Burlington County was no exception (Johnson, Wolfe, Jones, 2008). Several public hangings were conducted in the prison yard on a gallows erected for each occasion. Originally designed to house approximately 40 prisoners, the Burlington County Prison held over 100 inmates when they were moved to a converted armory that formerly stood behind the jail. Overcrowded conditions required yet another, larger prison which was erected in 1983(Johnson, Wolfe, Jones, 2008). The daily life in Folsom State Prison back in 1880, prisoners were woken up by an early morning bell and were dressed and beds had to be made and stand in their cell doors with their night buckets (Prison life, 2011). Once they were unlocked they marched down to the middle of the building where there was a set of steel doors that were hinged to the floor (Prison life, 2011). When they filed out for the day, they would all dump their nights waste from the bucket down a hole and then limestone would be thrown in the hole and water to flush the waste away. At dinner they would take to with them at so when the prisoner got locked up for the night again, they had their toilet with them (Prison life, 2011). During that time the prisoner would eat beans for dinner which were place on plate and not utensils were used. You had to eat with your face down in the plate and no talking was ever allowed. If you were good prisoners could earn the right to eat boiled beef and vegetables (Prison life, 2011). However if you were a con boss, which is somebody who is the boss of other prisoners, prisoner could then eat a variety of stewed meats and vegetables that were in season and use tin dishes and have utensils and talk during dinner(Prison life, 2011). Prisoners of Folsom State Prison generally worked seven and half hour days with no break. They completed their work day by early afternoon and lights out was enforced by eight o clock with no exceptions (Prison life, 2011). Another example of past prison life was in the Andersonville prison during the late 1800s; to cope with the horrible conditions within the stockade, prisoners turned to various activities (Prison life, 2011). They carved objects, sang songs, played games such as checkers and cards, read any material they could get, and wrote letters and diaries. Letters home were censored by prison officials, and many never reached their destinations. Other prisoners, intent on escape, spent time digging tunnels (Prison life, 2011). Although there are no records of successful escapes via tunnels, some men did escape, mainly from work crews when outside the prison. The horrendous living conditions at Andersonville resulted in the deaths of thousands of prisoners (Prison life, 2011). Now moving forward to current day prison life, In Arizona, the state prison system has four levels; minimum, medium, closed and maximum. As an inmate goes up in custody level, the less freedom they are allowed. A minimum custody inmate typically lives in dorm style housing units and an open yard (Ranzau, 2009). Inmates would get woken up at 5:30 a.m. and they have free rein to walk the yard, go to chow on their own at the designated times and attend any classes and work assignments they have chosen until the yard locks down for the evening at 8:30 p.m (Ranzau, 2009). A closed custody inmate lives in a two-man cell with controlled movement. Controlled movement means that officers escort the inmates anytime they leave their housing unit (Ranzau, 2009). A closed custody unit usually has a cluster of cells in a building with one control room called a pod. The control room uses a computer to access the doors to the cells though keys can be used to open cells in case of a power outage (Ran zau, 2009). This particular closed custody unit is staffed with one officer in the control room and one floor officer in charge of two pods of inmates (Ranzau, 2009). The inmates are escorted by an officer everywhere they go, either individually or as a group. They are escorted as a group to the chow hall for their meals and to the recreation field for their exercise (Ranzau, 2009). Medium custody inmates also live in a dorm style setting similar to minimum custody inmates. Medium custody inmates have some controlled movement but are not escorted by officers (Ranzau, 2009). The control room officer, only letting out certain segments of their dorm at a time to eat or go to recreation, controls the movement. There are officers on the yard to make sure the inmates get to where they are supposed to go (Ranzau, 2009). A maximum custody unit is strictly controlled. The inmates are only allowed to leave their cell one hour a day to go to a recreation pen. These inmates are fed in their cells through food traps in the door (Ranzau, 2009). These inmates are usually considered the worst type of inmate or they may need protection from the general population for information they have given staff or for something they did on the yard (Ranzau, 2009). One would think prison life everywhere would run as smoothly as this, but no. Currently at Pelican Bay State Prison in northern California there are more than 1,200 inmates, its one of the largest and oldest isolation units in the country, and its the model that dozens of other states have followed. It is a maximum security prison. Although all the inmates are in isolation, theres lots of noise such as keys rattling, toilets flushing, and inmates shouting out to each other from one cell to the next(Sullivan, 2006). Twice a day, officers push plastic food trays through the small portals in the metal doors. It is said they only contact that you have with individuals is what they call a pinky shake, which is when you stick your pinky through one of the little holes in the door. The hallways shoot out like spokes on a wheel(Sullivan, 2006). In the center, high off the floor, an officer sits at a panel of blue and red buttons controlling the doors. The officer in the booth can go an entire shift without actually seeing an inmate face to face (Sullivan, 2006). Far below, an inmate walks a few feet from his cell, through a metal door at the end of the hallway, and out into the yard. The exercise yards at Pelican Bay are about the length of two small cars. The cement walls are 20 feet high. On top is a metal grate and through the grate is a patch of sky (Sullivan, 2006). According to Sullivan, Associate Warden Williams says they dont allow inmates to have any kind of exercise equipment. Most of the time, they do push-ups. Some of them just walk back and forth for exercise. (Sullivan, 2006). It is just basically to come out, stretch their legs and get some fresh air. Each month, officers squeeze soap, shampoo and toothpaste into paper cups for the inmates (Sullivan, 2006). Even though are issued a jumpsuit, in two days at the facility, there doesnt seem to be a single prisoner wearing one. All of them are wearing their underwear, white boxer shorts, t-shirts and flip-flops (Sullivan, 2006). In the psychiatric at Pelican Bay, some inmates stand in the middle of their cell, hollering at no one in particular. Anothers bang their head against the cell door. Many of the inmates are naked, some exposing themselves. Obviously prison life can play a huge toll the mentality. One in 10 inmates in segregation was housed there. Theres even a waiting list (Sullivan, 2006). Recently in Georgia the horrible treatment and conditions of the prison made headlines. Finally fed up with bad food, unjust treatment, poor education and inadequate health care, thousands of inmates in Georgias prison system staged Lockdown for Liberty, which was a peaceful protest on Dec. 9, 2010. According to Charlene Muhammad, a national correspondent for the Final Call newspaper; all of the Black, White, and Latino inmates from Augusta, Baldwin, Hancock, Hays, Macon, Smith, and Telfair State Prisons refused to leave their cells for work and other activities, partly because they feel the Georgia Department of Corrections treats them like slaves(Muhammad, 2010). Ironically in a 2006 report, Human Rights Watch characterized conditions in Georgia prisons as appalling. Many inmates were vulnerable to degrading treatment due to overcrowding and unsanitary facilities, the report added (Muhammad, 2010). More recently, the State Departments 2008 human rights country report for Georgia noted that the countrys prisons and pre trial detention centers failed to meet international standards. It also expressed concern about Georgian Justice Ministry data that showed 94 inmates died while in custody in 2008(Muhammad, 2010). Overcrowding is a huge issue also. Today, there are approximately 20,000 prisoners in Georgia, a 300-percent increase over the past five years, according to a 2009 PRI report (Muhammad, 2010). Georgias prisons are some of the worst in the U.S. Cells are overcrowded, packing prisoners into confined spaces like sardines (Muhammad, 2010). Prisoners are forced to work, doing the maintenance and servicing of the prison for little or no pay. The guards are corrupt and violent, instigating fights between prisoners for their amusement (Muhammad, 2010). Prisoners are forced to pay outrageous costs for the most minimal health care. On top of that most prisoners are denied access to programs for education beyond obtaining a GED. Overall Georgia spends $10,000 less per year per prisoner than the national average. The lack of funding shows in how prisoners are treated. (Muhammad, 2010). Every day prison life for women differs from daily prison life for men. Unlike male inmates, women in general do not present an direct, violent physical danger to staff members and fellow inmates. In fact, hardly any female prisons report any major instances of violence (Saxena, 2008). Violence is more often than not concentrated only in male prisons. In addition, female prisons do not involve the anti authority inmate social code oftentimes established in male prisons (Saxena, 2008). In male prisons, life in prison is normally governed by mandates set forth by gang leaders. This includes no snitching, not cooperating with authorities, and attacking disloyal members. Gang activity is greatly reduced in female prisons (Saxena, 2008). Furthermore, the little bit of gang activity that does occur in female prisons doesnt end up affecting the whole infrastructure like in a male prison (Saxena, 2008). However, being restricted does cause a lot of sever anxiety and anger for many women, especially since they are separated from their families and loved ones (Gaines, Miller, 2009). Sometimes, women are in prison while pregnant and are oftentimes forced to give birth in the prison. Afterwards, their child is either instantly removed, or permitted to stay with the mother for a short period of time (Gaines, Miller, 2009). Woman can also partake in conjugal visits, but this will not make up for all the lost time. Women in prison also cope with their problems differently. Unlike men, who direct their anger outward, female prisoners tend to revert to more self destructive acts in order to deal with the situation. In fact, female inmates are much more likely than male prisoners to mutilate their own bodies and attempt suicide (Saxena, 2008). These activities include simple scratches, carving the name of their boyfriend on their body, and cutting their wrists. Wrist cutting is actually a huge concern amongst prison officials (Saxena, 2008). Blood released from wrist cutting can spread to others and drastically increase inmates and staff members risk of contracting an STD like Aids or hepatitis (Saxena, 2008). Another method utilized by female prisons for adapting to prison life is the falsehood of a make believe family (Gaines, Miller, 2009). These groups normally contain masculine and feminine figures that act as fathers, mothers, brothers, and sisters. Unceremonious marriages and divorces may even be performed (Gaines, Miller, 2009). Sometimes, an inmate may hold multiple roles. For example a woman can play a sister in one family and a wife in another. Oftentimes, gay women play the male roles (Gaines, Miller, 2009). Although an extreme difference in prison life exists between men and women, the hurt and frustration still remain the same (Gaines, Miller, 2009). What can be said, though, is that women deal with the situation differently than men. In a study conducted by Mark Fleisher in 2006, according to Heidi Cool, Fleishers research was the first cultural study ever conducted on prison rape in U.S. prisons. This study includes research that he has done over the past twenty years on prison culture. Between 2003 and 2005, Fleisher composed information about prison life rapes by interviewing 564 inmates in mens high security and womens medium and high security prisons in the United States (Cool, 2006). The controlled interviews, with open ended questions, lasted between 90 minutes to, in numerous cases, six to seven hours and generated a widespread compilation of prison slang involving sex and rape and national cultural themes about prison rape shared by inmates across the country. Fleisher figured out that prison inmate life is a culture that is determined by a need for social order and the behavioral rules of prison sexual culture is drastically different from sexual conduct rules for outside of prison (Cool, 2006). The problem of consent is complicated on so many levels but in the end, consensual sex as we know it doesnt have an equivalent meaning in prison inmate culture, he states horrible images of unsafe prisons and widespread rape. The culture of prison sexuality, as well as ideas on rape, are not simply community beliefs transported inside prisons, rather they are different beliefs and create a different social reality (Cool, 2006). There is no equivalent in inmate sexual culture thats equal to our perception of rape. Once a person enters and begins their prison life, they start reexamine their sense of sexuality; men and women who may have never before engaged in same sex relations will probably try it at some point during their sentence (Cool, 2006). Majority of same sex relations are voluntary, which means they dont have to do anything they dont want to do (Cool, 2006). However not all same sex relations are essentially deemed by inmates as homosexual relationships in the prison culture. Theres a broad range of same sex behavior but inmate culture views several acts as homosexual while other related acts are considered straight (Cool, 2006). The only true freedom they have in prison life is their sexual freedom. Another finding that surprised Fleisher according to Cool, was that in the worldview of both men and women inmates, there is a strong belief that men and women have a homosexual identity at their core and that having same sex relations in prison help them come to terms with this emergin g sexuality(Cool, 2006). As for lesbian experience for women, studies have established that even experienced inmates come across heterosexual women with husbands and children, begin same sex relations within days and weeks of their arrival but upon released return to heterosexual behavior (Cool, 2006). Both men and women inmates put in plain words that same sex relations among those different with it as curiosity (Cool, 2006). Within prison life, inmate society interprets mens slow but sure involvement in same sex behavior as getting in touch with their feminine tendencies (Cool, 2006). Inmates say that the bulk of them dont have sexual affairs but eventually an inner homosexual prevails in the life of a prisoner (Cool, 2006). Furthermore, it is very infrequent for the women to be raped or obligated into sex by male or female staff; nevertheless personal relationships can develop between sexual relations. Believe it or not female inmates state they do not participate in having sex with male or female staff members unless it benefits them in some material way (Cool, 2006). Some of the benefits may include bringing them perfume or cigarettes or giving them money, which can be used for food, soap or stamps (Cool, 2006). Within Fleishers report, women prisoners say they will not deal with unnecessary sex among them and staff, although they have been notorious to use allegations of unwanted sex to acquire a transfer or to get revenge in a against a staff member (Cool, 2006). Evidence informs us that presently over 300,000 instances of prison rape occur in a year. 196,000 are projected to happen to men in prison in addition to 123,000 are estimated to happen to the men in county jail. (Cool, 2006). Obviously life in prison has evolved for the better but yet seems to get worse for todays times. It maintains that survival of the fittest mentality and almost an updated caveman reality. Prison life will never get better unless we get over crowding under control and get better standards as to how they are ran.

Essay --

Ronald Perkins Julialicia Case 12/8/2013 Troubles of Social Media In today’s society the youth of the world are almost fully dependent on technology and social media. They are participants of these websites without thinking about or being aware of the consequences of their constant abuse. These social sites are made to keep everyone in the world connected with each other. They were made to make news and the information of today accessible and relative to everyone. These good and honest intentions have been transformed into so much more. These websites such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and the infamous Youtube are now used as a way to avoid or emphasize the troubles and problems of people’s everyday lives. A way for people to encourage and reinforce the stereotypes, trends, and other irrelevant and negative influences placed on society by pop culture. Everyone constantly points out the positive effects of these social medias without making notice of the many health problems they lead to in today’s youth. There are too many users and supporters of these social medias that do not understand some of the problems that are caused to by them. Social media can cause disorders like insomnia at a more advanced stage. Think of all your friends or even most of the youth as an example. Almost everyone uses social media all through the day and night and we can all agree on hearing or seeing someone make a post and comments well into the night on either Facebook or Instagram on several occasions. While there are some who love their sleep most of today’s youth spend their nights on social media. Studies have shown that there is a clear connection that the overuse of social media will lead to results in things like leaving comments, twe... ... some its many flaws such as ruining and preventing meaningful and face-to-face verbal and nonverbal connections. People tend to overuse and overdo the things that world has to offer that gives them the most joy or comfort. When people do this they take something that is wonderful and extraordinary and make them simplistic and harmful. I’m not saying a person shouldn’t use these social media in fear of obtaining a mental illness but to use them in moderation. To create a stable and balanced portion of time for the virtual world of wonder and limitless potential and the real world full of excitement and mystery. Isabella Mori, I. (2010, July 06). Social media and mental health. Retrieved from http://brainblogger.com/2010/07/06/social-media-and-mental-health/ Merriam-Webster.com. Depression.(n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/depression Essay -- Ronald Perkins Julialicia Case 12/8/2013 Troubles of Social Media In today’s society the youth of the world are almost fully dependent on technology and social media. They are participants of these websites without thinking about or being aware of the consequences of their constant abuse. These social sites are made to keep everyone in the world connected with each other. They were made to make news and the information of today accessible and relative to everyone. These good and honest intentions have been transformed into so much more. These websites such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and the infamous Youtube are now used as a way to avoid or emphasize the troubles and problems of people’s everyday lives. A way for people to encourage and reinforce the stereotypes, trends, and other irrelevant and negative influences placed on society by pop culture. Everyone constantly points out the positive effects of these social medias without making notice of the many health problems they lead to in today’s youth. There are too many users and supporters of these social medias that do not understand some of the problems that are caused to by them. Social media can cause disorders like insomnia at a more advanced stage. Think of all your friends or even most of the youth as an example. Almost everyone uses social media all through the day and night and we can all agree on hearing or seeing someone make a post and comments well into the night on either Facebook or Instagram on several occasions. While there are some who love their sleep most of today’s youth spend their nights on social media. Studies have shown that there is a clear connection that the overuse of social media will lead to results in things like leaving comments, twe... ... some its many flaws such as ruining and preventing meaningful and face-to-face verbal and nonverbal connections. People tend to overuse and overdo the things that world has to offer that gives them the most joy or comfort. When people do this they take something that is wonderful and extraordinary and make them simplistic and harmful. I’m not saying a person shouldn’t use these social media in fear of obtaining a mental illness but to use them in moderation. To create a stable and balanced portion of time for the virtual world of wonder and limitless potential and the real world full of excitement and mystery. Isabella Mori, I. (2010, July 06). Social media and mental health. Retrieved from http://brainblogger.com/2010/07/06/social-media-and-mental-health/ Merriam-Webster.com. Depression.(n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/depression

The Glass Ceiling for Women in the Workforce Essay -- Glass Ceiling, w

In America many groups have fought hard to gain equality in treatment, rights, and everyday living standards. Women are included amongst these groups. At one point in history women were not allowed to vote or carry the same positions as men in work. Due to amendments and affirmative action these hindrances for women have been abolished. What still remains to day is the inner struggle within jobs also known as glass ceilings? Glass ceilings are daily obstacles for most women in their jobs every day. As country of equal opportunity should we Americans continue to fight for more equality or accept the situation and be grateful for the change that has already come into place? What exactly is a glass ceiling and how were these ceilings put up in the first place? A glass ceiling defined by Webster is â€Å"an intangible barrier within the hierarchy of a company that prevents women from obtaining upper level positions† (Miriam - Webster’s†¦ 1). The first big controversy was that women were not being hired for positions offered to men. Women were expected to be homemakers, nurses, or teachers. Men argued that women were not educated enough. But due to affirmative action this changed too. Women were allowed and admitted to Universities. By bettering their educations they became more qualified for business positions. Working in corporate offices or as doctors was still an unheard of idea. Through much fighting this too changed and women were hired whether by choice of the employer or by new state regulations women were hired. Now that there is equality within the work field women are complaining about salaries or rates of pay. Wome n who are equally qualified for positions if not more qualified for positions are being p... ...e our children to be and expect more than we did, and teach them to live life as a person and not as a gender role. By the time they reach adulthood glass ceilings will fall. Why because girls would have been taught that they are equally capable and that equality is what is right. Works Cited Su, Sophia. Glass Ceilings: The Working Woman’s Guide to Overcome Them. 2002. Jobstreet, 1 Aug. 2002, Mapping Out a System to Shatter Glass Ceilings and Glass Walls. 2000. Advancing Women, 1 Aug. 2002, Miriam. Webster. Miriam – Webster’s Collegiate Dictinary. 1984. 1 Aug. 2002. Marger, Martin N. Social Inequalities: patterns and processes. 2nd ed. Michigan : Lansing, 1999.

Use of Monetary Policy and Fiscal Policy During The Great Recession Ess

How can monetary policy and fiscal policy greatly influence the US economy? Keynesian economics says, â€Å"A depressed economy is the result of inadequate spending .† According to Keynesian the government intervention can help a depressed economy through monetary policy and fiscal .The idea established by Keynes was that managing the economy is a government responsibility . Monetary policy uses changes in the quantity of money to alter interest rates, which in turn affect the level of overall spending . â€Å"The object of monetary policy is to influence the nation’s economic performance, as measured by inflation†, the employment rate and the gross domestic product, an aggregate measure of economic output. Monetary policy is controlled by the Central Bank and influences money supply . Fiscal policy uses changes in taxes and government spending to affect overall spending and stabilize the economy. When lowering taxes the people have more to spend then the government decreases spending and the economy slows down therefore the economy stabilizes. The objective of fiscal policy is the governments’ typical use fiscal policy to promote strong and sustainable growth and reduce poverty. During periods of recession congress has the option to decrease taxes to give households more disposable income so they can buy more products. Therefore, lowering tax rates increases GDP. The steady growth of inflation in 2007 and 2008 suggest that the Federal Reserve applied discretionary powers to avoid tightening. Tightening is inflation growing too fast. In 2009 the feds needed to be concerned about the deflation because the average inflation rate dropped to -.4%. Inflation tends to follow movements and they are closely related to the business cyc... ... Okun, A. 1962. â€Å"Potential Output: Its Measurement and Significance.† in Proceedings of the Business and Economic Statistics Section, American Statistical Society. Washington, DC: American Statistical Association. Phelps, E. 1994. â€Å"The Origins and Further Development of the Natural Rate of Unemployment,† in R. Cross (ed.), The Natural Rate Twenty-Five Years On. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Romer, C. and J. Bernstein. 2009, â€Å"The Job Impact of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Plan.† January 10. Available at: http://otrans.3cdn.net/45593e8ecbd339d074_l3m6bt1te.pdf Skidelsky, R. 2001. John Maynard Keynes, Volume Three: Fighting for Britain 1937–1946. London: Macmillan. Tcherneva, P. 2011. â€Å"Permanent on-the-spot job creation—the missing Keynes Plan for full employment and economic transformation.† Review of Social Economics, forthcoming.

Principles Of Communication In An Adult Social Care Setting

Describe two ways how effective communication can affect relationships in an adult social care setting between individuals using the service, their carers, colleagues and other practitioners. By having effective communication within a service you can encourage active participation from the service users, carers, colleagues and anyone else using the service. If effective communication is used, you are able to promote empathy and reach a shared understanding.Identify three ways of finding out the communication and language needs of an individual Asking the individual – You would be immediately be able to establish their most effective way of communicating. By observing the individual – You would be able to visually see if they need any aid to communicate Asking friends and family – They will be able to inform you of the most effective way to communicate and the most preferred by the individual Looking at the individuals care plan – You would be immediately i nformed off the preferred method of communication and the way in which is best to communicate with the individualDescribe three factors to consider when promoting effective communication There are many different factors that need to be considered when using effective communication. You need to establish whether the person needs any aids to assist them when communicating. Once you have established this, you need to find the best possible way to communicate with them. The way in which you approach that person, does your body language need to be considered or your tone of voice? This could be so you make the person feel as comfortable as possible to ensure you they are reading your body language correctly.The environment may need to be adjusted, for example , loud noises or flashing lights could distract the person ,which could lead to ineffective communication. AV – Describe three verbal and three no verbal communication methods and styles that a social care worker may use in a n adult social care setting. Verbal – Vocabulary, knowing what vocabulary to use and not to use needs to be remembered as the person you are speaking to may not understand. Verbal – The tone of your voice is very important as the individual could misinterpret what you are trying to say.Verbal – You need to ensure you are both speaking in the right language. Non Verbal – The use of written words is beneficial to communicate with someone who is deaf or someone who is unable to talk. Non Verbal – The use of body language is important as this can be misinterpreted by other people. Non Verbal – Eye contact is important as it can reassure the other person that you are listening to them. Avi – Explain why it is important to respond to an individual’s reactions during communication When you are communicating with someone it is important that you respond the correct way using different methods.This can reassure the individual that you u nderstand them and can show that you are showing empathy. If you did not show any response to that individual, it could lead them to becoming frustrated or distressed as they may feel you do not understand them and they are enable to convey what they are trying to say. They may feel they cannot communicate with you which could lead to lack of confidence with in you. Avii – Explain how an individual’s background can influence the way they communicate. The individual that you are communicating with may only speak their native language.Gestures that they use may be different. They may respond to touching for example holding someone’s hand of hugging. The tone of voice that is used may be different to what they are used to. Aviii – Identify three examples of barriers to communicate and explain how you could over come each barrier. A Noisy environment, which could distress the individual. – The environment should be adjusted accordingly prior to your me eting with the individual. Communication Aids, if not used to could prevent communication – You need to check which communication aids are needed.You need to check whether they are working, does the individual need a medical review, is that the correct aid for that person. Not allowing enough time to listen, this could stop the individual being able to communicate their needs – Finding time to listen to the individual , if they take a while to communicate , ensure you have freed up enough time, ensure you are being patient and are aware. Aix Describe two strategies you could use to clarify misunderstandings. Once you have communicated with an individual you could respond with a summarisation to clarify that you have understood.If you have not this could allow the person to correct you. If you are ensure of what someone has tried to communicate with you, you could seek clarification from another person involved with the individual. Ax A social care worker wants to enabl e more effective communication with individual’s using the service. Explain how they could access extra support or services that may be helpful. You could seek extra support from the individual’s family and friends, they may be able to help with information on the preferred method of communication and why they like using this to help you understand.Support could include attending GP appointments with that person regarding their communication needs. Speaking to their social worker who may be able to help with background information. Attending support groups to see how the individual communicates with other people. Speech and language services may be of help to educate you with different techniques and methods of communication. Translation services may help if you do not speak the individual’s language. Task B Bi How would you explain the term confidentiality to Hannah?I would explain to Hannah that confidentiality is that Hannah’s information should be tre ated confidently at respectively at all times. That Hannah’s confidential information can be shared when it is needed to ensure effective care is delivered. Also, that Hannah has the right to object to her confidential information being shared and this will be respected. Before any information has been shared to anyone involved within her care, this would have been explained and she would have needed to agree to her information being shared to benefit her health.There may be times when there are other obligations and duties that outweigh the obligations to confidently. This would purely be for the benefit of Hannah’s care. To reassure Hannah, I would explain that all staff have to follow policies and procedures on a daily basis ,to ensure confidently rules are followed and her information is treated with respect. Bii – Describe the possible tensions that may arise between telling others of Hannah’s decision and keeping this information totally confidently . Confidently could be breached as the wrong person could receive confidential information.Hannah could feel that her personal information is not being respected. There could be safeguarding issues as Hannah’s health could be affected. Biii – Describe ways to maintain confidentiality in day to day communication. When discussing an individual it is important that there are not people present who should not be. When passing on information it is vital that you check the identity of the person who is receiving the information. Always keeping written records safe and do not leave files lying around for other people to access.When having private conversations always ensure you have privacy. Do not discuss person information outside of work. Biv – Explain when and how a social care worker should get advice about confidentiality. If you are unsure if you are passing on confidential information to the right people or need some clarification, you could refer to you confid entiality policy within your workplace for information and guidance. If you felt that you or someone else has breach confidentiality within your workplace you could seek help and advice from your line manager.

A Summary of Four Articles on Finance from the Internet

This article furnishes its readers with relevant tips for parents who want to successfully send their children to school as they reach for some higher level of scholastic learning. It begins with the basic problematic most countries the world over is beset: government subsidies to defray the expensive cost of education for students (and parents at that) do not seem to cover that much.The case in point, at least specifically for this write-up, addresses how the government has stopped its subsidies for â€Å"student fees† which in turn makes it quite difficult for both parents and students to cope with.The article submits certain proposals to help both parents and students address the mounting task of university education.Among the choices include availing of loan packages such as: Student Loans (managed by Student Finance Direct), which allows a student to borrow money at a modest 9% interest, to be subsequently paid after graduation; Student Grants† – the more â⠂¬Å"generous† type of grant given to financially challenged families, or to single parent students, as even to those whose financial income is below 17,000 per annum.The article ends with alternative proposals that touch on some more means to get this whole university education going. Whichever the readers choose though, the bottom line remains: sending one’s children to school may appear to be an insurmountable task, but it is not impossible nevertheless.1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Top tips for first time buyers[1]The central concern of this write-up is to guide first time homeowners on important issues, which can either make or break their whole experience of buying a house. True enough, the first premise of the article is telling enough to even dismiss or set aside – buying a house is a big commitment and entails having to shoulder a lot of responsibilities in the years to come.First up, it is by right of commonsense that buyers are given this Bible-piece of advice : do not buy what you cannot afford. The initial temptation to procure a property based on the impulse to acquire an ideal house can at times blur the fact that there are some financial considerations that cannot be left out – these include, among others, â€Å"duty, solicitor and/or estate agent fees, a valuation report†. To be sure, this does not even include transfer and renovation costs.The article also gives vital information on the remaining important things that should not be missed. Among others, buyers have to be fully aware of the stipulations of the contract, the mortgage deals that they are agreeing to put up with and payment methods. Still, some other concerns that include insurance policies, procurement of home appliances, the suitability of the house location vis-à  -vis one’s work or children’s school are to be considered.2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Savings and investments for your children[2]â€Å"Children don’t come cheap† is t he statement that commences this short yet very insightful article which deals with an effective and forward-looking ways to invest for one’s children. In this times when managing one’s finances rightly becomes more and more difficult to do, it is certainly with a great sense of love and concern that one is called for to save for his/her children’s future and not compromise their wellbeing in the process.There are a few things that can be noted to help achieve this task. First up, the article proposes that parents should open a â€Å"bank account† for their children. It may seem like it is too early children to actually save. But the whole point of the exercise is to start saving regularly when one finds some time and resources to do it. As in a case of a habit, saving little pennies for one’s children can â€Å"accumulate quickly† without actually being noticed.Another proposal that the article gives is for parents to set aside some tax rel ief that the government provides for parents who raise children. But this can only happen if one is willing to actually avail of the tax allowance in the very first place.As it stands, tax reliefs for parents raising their children is one hefty source of cash, and it defrays the cost of the children’s living expenses in many ways. It may be wise to check on the availability of this type of resources, as the article would implicitly suggest.The article ends by elaborating how a parent can opt to open a trust fund for his/her children. This is a real investment for the children, yet it comes in a variety of choices. One may opt to simply save straightforwardly to a company for the children. Another option is to invest as though one does in stocks or shares. The third can be a combination of both. It really is up to the parents to choose the most viable alternatives to ensure that their children’s needs in the future will be secured and protected.[1] Top tips for first ti me buyers, retrieved 14 May 2008, http://www.financialarticles.info/article_50.html [2] Saving and investments for your children, retrieved 14 May 2008,   http://www.financialarticles.info/article_45.html